📚 Commodity Knowledge Base

Free reference guide to commodities we trade — specs, uses, trade routes, pricing and more. Published by Tetra Commodity Trading, Singapore.

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Agriculture
Crude Coconut Oil (CNO)
A tropical vegetable oil with unique medium-chain fatty acid profile, used in food, cosmetics and oleochemicals.
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Agriculture
Natural Rubber
A natural polymer harvested from Hevea brasiliensis trees, essential for tyres and industrial products.
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Agriculture
Palm Oil
The world's most consumed vegetable oil, traded on Bursa Malaysia and used in food, oleochemicals and biofuels.
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Agriculture
Rapeseed Oil (Canola Oil)
Europe's primary vegetable oil crop, used for food, biodiesel, and industrial applications.
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Agriculture
Soybean Oil
The world's most traded vegetable oil, produced primarily in the Americas and widely used in food and biodiesel.
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Agriculture
Sunflower Oil
A light, mild vegetable oil from Ukraine and Russia, widely used for cooking and in food manufacturing.
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Biofuels
Bio-LPG (Renewable LPG)
A renewable drop-in alternative to fossil LPG, produced as a co-product of HVO refining.
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Biofuels
Bioethanol
Renewable ethanol produced from sugar, starch or cellulosic feedstocks, used as a fuel blend component worldwide.
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Biofuels
FAME Biodiesel (B5/B7/B20)
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester — the original biodiesel produced by transesterifying vegetable oils with methanol.
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Biofuels
HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil)
A renewable diesel produced by hydrotreatment of vegetable oils or animal fats — a premium drop-in fuel.
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Biofuels
SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel)
A drop-in renewable jet fuel that reduces aviation CO₂ emissions by up to 80% vs fossil jet fuel.
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Biofuels
UCO (Used Cooking Oil)
Waste vegetable oil collected from restaurants and food processors, the premium feedstock for HVO and biodiesel.
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Biofuels
UCOME (Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester)
Biodiesel produced from used cooking oil via transesterification, the leading FAME biodiesel in Europe.
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Chemicals
Acetic Acid
A versatile organic acid used to produce PTA, vinyl acetate, and acetic anhydride.
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Chemicals
Acetone
The simplest ketone solvent, co-produced with phenol from cumene, used in paints, cosmetics and acrylic production.
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Chemicals
Adipic Acid
A key building block for nylon-6,6, polyurethanes, and plasticisers, produced from cyclohexane.
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Chemicals
Benzene
An aromatic hydrocarbon that is the fundamental building block of the petrochemical industry.
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Chemicals
Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide)
A fundamental industrial alkali used in alumina, paper, textiles, and chemical manufacturing.
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Chemicals
Ethylene Glycol (MEG)
A key chemical intermediate used in PET bottles, polyester fibre, and antifreeze.
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Chemicals
Ethylene Oxide (EO)
A highly reactive gas used to produce MEG, ethoxylates, and glycol ethers — a critical petrochemical building block.
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Chemicals
Hydrogen
The simplest and most abundant element, emerging as a critical clean energy carrier alongside its industrial uses.
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Chemicals
Methanol
The simplest alcohol, used as feedstock for formaldehyde, MTBE, acetic acid, and marine fuel.
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Chemicals
MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether)
A high-octane gasoline blending component produced from methanol and isobutylene.
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Chemicals
Nylon (PA6 / PA66)
Engineering polyamides used in automotive, textiles, and industrial applications.
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Chemicals
PE (Polyethylene — HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE)
The world's most produced plastic family, used in films, pipes, containers and packaging.
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Chemicals
PET Resin (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
The polymer used to make plastic bottles, food packaging, and polyester fibre.
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Chemicals
Phenol
An aromatic alcohol co-produced with acetone, used to make BPA, resins, and caprolactam.
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Chemicals
Polycarbonate (PC)
A transparent, high-impact engineering plastic used in eyewear, electronics, and automotive applications.
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Chemicals
Polyethylene (PE) — HDPE / LDPE / LLDPE
The world's most produced plastic, in three major forms serving packaging, pipe, film, and moulding applications.
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Chemicals
Polypropylene (PP)
One of the most versatile plastics, used in packaging, textiles, automotive parts, and consumer goods.
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Chemicals
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
The third most produced plastic, essential for pipes, window profiles, cables, and flooring.
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Chemicals
SBR (Styrene Butadiene Rubber)
The most widely produced synthetic rubber, used in tyres and industrial products.
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Chemicals
Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate)
One of the world's most produced chemicals, essential for glass, detergents, and chemicals.
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Chemicals
Sodium Silicate (Water Glass)
An inorganic compound used in detergents, adhesives, paper, foundry casting, and construction.
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Chemicals
Sulfur
A byproduct of oil and gas refining, primarily used to make sulfuric acid and fertilizers.
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Fertilizers
Ammonia
The foundational nitrogen chemical used to produce urea, DAP, nitric acid and virtually all nitrogen fertilizers.
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Fertilizers
DAP (Diammonium Phosphate)
A high-analysis phosphorus fertilizer, the most widely traded phosphate fertilizer globally.
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Fertilizers
NPK (Compound Fertilizer)
A granular fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a single product for balanced crop nutrition.
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Fertilizers
Urea
The world's most widely used nitrogen fertilizer, also used in industrial applications.
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Metals
Aluminum (Aluminium)
The most widely used non-ferrous metal, prized for its light weight, strength, and corrosion resistance.
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Metals
Chromium
A hard, corrosion-resistant metal essential for stainless steel production and hard chrome plating.
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Metals
Cobalt
A critical battery metal concentrated in the DRC, used in EV cathodes and superalloys.
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Metals
Copper
The most electrically conductive base metal, essential for electrification and construction.
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Metals
Lead
A dense, soft metal primarily used in lead-acid batteries, with the most mature recycling system of any metal.
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Metals
Lithium
The lightest metal and the critical mineral at the heart of lithium-ion batteries powering the EV revolution.
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Metals
Manganese
An essential alloying element for steel, and a critical mineral for EV battery cathodes.
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Metals
Nickel
A strategic metal essential for stainless steel and EV batteries, produced mainly in Indonesia.
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Metals
Tin
A scarce, non-toxic metal essential for electronics soldering and food can coatings.
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Metals
Zinc
An essential base metal used primarily for galvanising steel to prevent corrosion.
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Refinery Products
Base Oil
The primary component of lubricants, refined from crude oil or synthesised chemically.
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Refinery Products
Bio-Naphtha
A renewable drop-in alternative to fossil naphtha, produced from bio-based feedstocks.
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Refinery Products
Bitumen (Asphalt)
A heavy, viscous petroleum product used in road construction and waterproofing.
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Refinery Products
Diesel (Gas Oil)
The most widely used distillate fuel globally, powering transport, agriculture and industry.
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Refinery Products
Fuel Oil (Bunker Fuel)
Heavy residual fuel used in marine shipping, power generation and industrial heating.
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Refinery Products
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
A mixture of propane and butane used as cooking fuel, petrochemical feedstock, and automotive fuel.
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Refinery Products
Naphtha
A light petroleum distillate used as petrochemical feedstock and fuel blending component.
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Refinery Products
Paraffin Wax
A white waxy solid refined from petroleum, used in candles, cosmetics, and food packaging.
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Refinery Products
Petroleum Jelly (Vaseline)
A refined mixture of mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications.
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Refinery Products
Thermal Coal (Steam Coal)
Coal burned to generate electricity and heat, the world's largest source of power generation.
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Steel & Metals
CRC (Cold Rolled Coil)
Flat steel with superior surface finish and dimensional accuracy, produced by cold rolling HRC for automotive and appliance applications.
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Steel & Metals
HRC (Hot Rolled Coil Steel)
The primary flat steel product, produced by rolling steel slabs at high temperature, used in construction, automotive and manufacturing.
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Steel & Metals
HRC (Hot Rolled Coil)
The primary intermediate steel product from which most flat steel products are made.
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Steel & Metals
Iron Ore
The primary raw material for steel production, predominantly traded as fines and pellets.
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Steel & Metals
Rebar (Reinforcing Bar)
Deformed steel bar used to reinforce concrete in construction — the backbone of infrastructure.
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Steel & Metals
Stainless Steel
Corrosion-resistant steel alloyed with chromium, used in food, chemical, and construction applications.
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Steel & Metals
Wire Rod
Continuously cast long steel product drawn into wire for construction, manufacturing and automotive applications.