WHAT IS IT?
Cobalt is a lustrous, silver-grey hard metal found in the Earth's crust only in chemically combined form. It is a critical mineral for the energy transition, primarily used in lithium-ion battery cathodes. Approximately 70% of global cobalt supply comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

SUPPLY CONCENTRATION RISK


DRC dominance creates significant geopolitical risk:
Political instability, artisanal mining with human rights concerns

Chinese companies (CMOC, Huayou, Zhejiang Huayou) control majority of DRC cobalt operations

China controls ~80% of cobalt refining globally

KEY USES


EV Battery Cathodes (largest and fastest-growing use): NMC (Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt) cathodes. NMC 811 (80% Ni, 10% Mn, 10% Co) reduces cobalt content vs older NMC 111.

Superalloys: Jet engines, gas turbines — cobalt provides strength at extreme temperatures

Hard metals: Cemented carbide cutting tools

Magnets: Samarium-cobalt permanent magnets

COBALT REDUCTION TREND


Battery manufacturers actively working to reduce cobalt due to cost and ESG concerns:
LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) batteries — zero cobalt. Growing rapidly for EVs and energy storage, especially in China.

NMC 811 vs NMC 111 — reducing cobalt per kWh

Sodium-ion batteries — no cobalt

Long-term cobalt demand growth is uncertain as battery chemistry evolves.

TRADE CORRIDORS


Major producers: DRC (70%+), Russia, Australia, Philippines
Major refiners: China, Finland (Freeport Cobalt), Belgium (Umicore)
Major buyers: China, Japan, South Korea (battery manufacturers)

PRICING BASIS


LME Cobalt contract exists but illiquid. Physical market priced on Fastmarkets (formerly Metal Bulletin) assessments. Spot price in USD/MT or USD/lb.

SPECIFICATIONS (Cobalt Briquettes)

Cobalt: min 99.8%

Nickel: max 0.05%

Standard form: briquettes or rounds

cobalt DRC battery NMC LFP superalloy CMOC Glencore